UX-антипаттерны в действии – Анализ скриншотов популярных онлайн-площадок

Просматривая сотни скриншотов популярных онлайн-площадок, мы сразу же видим: навязчивое появление всплывающих окон, закрывающих контент, – явный урон пользовательскому опыту. Вместо того, чтобы заставить пользователя принять решение, такой подход вызывает раздражение и желание покинуть ресурс. Обратите внимание на примеры, где такое окно появляется мгновенно, блокируя доступ к информации, или требует выполнения ряда действий, прежде чем вы сможете продолжить. Важно, чтобы всплывающие окна были контекстуальны, ненавязчивы и предлагали реальную ценность.

Еще одна частая ошибка – перегруженность интерфейса. Когда на одной странице собрано слишком много элементов, кнопок и информации, пользователь теряется. Представьте, что вы пытаетесь найти нужный товар на сайте, а перед вами – хаотичное нагромождение картинок, текстов и ссылок. На наших примерах вы увидите, как трудно бывает сфокусироваться на главном. Стремитесь к минимализму: оставляйте только то, что действительно необходимо для выполнения задачи пользователя. Если какой-то элемент не выполняет явной функции, возможно, его стоит убрать.

И наконец, обратите внимание на отсутствие четких инструкций и подсказок. Пользователи должны понимать, что от них требуется, без лишних усилий. Если форма регистрации требует ввода данных, а поле не имеет понятной подписи или примера заполнения, это прямой путь к ошибкам. Анализируя скриншоты, мы выделили случаи, где не очевидно, куда нажать, какую информацию ввести, или как перейти к следующему шагу. Четкие заголовки, подсказки при наведении курсора и индикаторы прогресса – вот что помогает пользователю чувствовать себя уверенно.

Как перегруженность элементами управления отпугивает новых пользователей: примеры из e-commerce

Представьте: вы впервые зашли на сайт интернет-магазина, ищете конкретную вещь, а перед вами – каскад кнопок, фильтров, скидок и предложений. В такой ситуации новички часто теряются и уходят. Главное правило: упрощайте. Сфокусируйте внимание пользователя на самом необходимом.

Рассмотрим, как перегруженность проявляется на практике. Возьмем, к примеру, карточку товара. Вместо одной понятной кнопки «Добавить в корзину», вы видите несколько похожих: «Купить в один клик», «Добавить в корзину», «Купить сейчас». Плюс рядом «Добавить в избранное», «Сравнить», «Поделиться». Такой избыток действий сбивает с толку. Пользователь тратит время, чтобы разобраться, куда нажать, и нередко отказывается от покупки.

Другой частый пример – главная страница. Вместо четкой навигации и акцента на категориях товаров, она напоминает рекламный щит. Баннеры, акционные предложения, блоки «Сейчас модно», «Вам может понравиться» – все это обрушивается на пользователя. Если основная задача – найти конкретный товар, а не изучать все возможные скидки, такой экран превращается в препятствие. Пользователь не может быстро найти нужный раздел или строку поиска.

Фильтры в категориях товаров – еще одна зона риска. Когда их слишком много, и они разбросаны по разным блокам (например, цена, бренд, цвет, размер, материал, назначение, стиль – и все это активные элементы), пользователь чувствует себя заложником. Например, вместо группы фильтров «Цена» с ползунком, вы видите отдельных кнопок «до 1000», «1000-3000», «3000-5000» и т.д. Это замедляет процесс выбора.

Чтобы избежать этой проблемы, следуйте принципу «меньше – значит больше». Сгруппируйте схожие элементы управления. Используйте подсказки или выпадающие списки для второстепенных опций. Выделите главное действие – например, «Добавить в корзину» – более заметным способом. Тестируйте свои интерфейсы на реальных пользователях. Узнайте, что именно им мешает, и оптимизируйте, убирая все лишнее. Помните, что простота – ключ к успешному взаимодействию.

Неочевидная навигация и потерянные потоки: разбираем ошибки популярных маркетплейсов

Чтобы пользователь не потерялся, главное меню должно предлагать четкую структуру. Если категории товара схожи и переплетаются, как, например, в каталоге даркнет сайтов, где часто встречаются товары схожей направленности, то их выделение в отдельные, легко отличимые разделы – ключ к успеху. Простой пример: вместо “Техника” и “Электроника” лучше использовать “Компьютеры и периферия”, “Смартфоны и гаджеты”, “Бытовая техника”.

Отсутствие четкого пути пользователя от главной страницы до конкретного товара – частая ошибка. Представьте: человек ищет определенную модель смартфона. Если система фильтров выдает сотни результатов, но без возможности быстрого сужения по ключевым параметрам (год выпуска, объем памяти, цвет), он скорее уйдет, чем начнет пролистывать. Важно давать пользователю инструменты для быстрого отсева ненужного. Хорошо работают фильтры с ползунками для цены, выпадающие списки для характеристик и крупные, понятные чекбоксы.

Кнопки “Купить” или “Добавить в корзину” должны быть заметны и находиться в одном и том же месте на странице товара, независимо от его категории. Когда эта кнопка “прыгает” или становится полупрозрачной, пользователь тратит время на ее поиски, что раздражает и снижает конверсию. Проверьте, всегда ли кнопка доступна и заметна, даже при прокрутке страницы вниз.

Слишком глубокая вложенность категорий – еще один враг удобства. Когда для поиска нужного товара пользователю приходится делать пять-шесть кликов, он, скорее всего, сдастся. Идеально, когда основная масса товаров доступна в 2-3 клика от главной страницы. Если у вас тысячи товаров, продумайте функцию поиска с автодополнением и умными подсказками.

Реальный кейс: маркетплейс предлагает “скидки”, но не указывает, на какие именно товары или категории. Пользователь видит цифру % у кнопки, но не понимает, выгодно ли ему это. Лучше показывать конкретные суммы экономии или перечеркнутую старую цену рядом с новой. Это сразу дает понять ценность предложения.

Навязчивые модальные окна и “захваченные” экраны: как это вредит конверсии на сервисах подписки

Подумайте о размещении предложений оформить подписку или скидок ненавязчиво, например, в боковой панели, в футере или в виде небольшого баннера после того, как пользователь достиг определенной точки в контенте (прочитал половину статьи, просмотрел несколько элементов продукта). Это даст человеку время ознакомиться с вашим предложением, когда он будет к этому готов, и повысит вероятность того, что он заинтересуется продолжением.

Запрашивайте email для рассылки или предлагают скидку не в тот момент, когда пользователь только открыл страницу, а после того, как он уже проявил интерес. Например, предложите скачать полезный материал в обмен на email, когда он провёл на странице более 30 секунд или прокрутил до середины. Это увеличивает шансы получить не просто email, а email заинтересованного человека, который с большей вероятностью превратится в платящего клиента.

Тестируйте разные варианты формы: попробуйте разместить предложение подписки в конце видео или статьи, а не накладывать его поверх. Можете также использовать “умные” предложения, которые появляются только при попытке покинуть страницу, но делают это аккуратно, не закрывая весь экран. Например, небольшое уведомление в углу браузера с предложением получить скидку на первую подписку, если пользователь уйдет.

Для платформ с платным контентом, вроде образовательных курсов или стриминговых сервисов, показывайте кусочек контента или ознакомительный фрагмент. Пусть пользователь увидит ценность вашего предложения до того, как ему предложат заплатить. Это создает доверие и мотивирует перейти к оформлению подписки, а не оттолкнуть его, демонстрируя лишь “забор” из платёжных требований.

<?php /** * WordPress Cron API * * @package WordPress */ /** * Schedules an event to run only once. * * Schedules a hook which will be triggered by WordPress at the specified UTC time. * The action will trigger when someone visits your WordPress site if the scheduled * time has passed. * * Note that scheduling an event to occur within 10 minutes of an existing event * with the same action hook will be ignored unless you pass unique `$args` values * for each scheduled event. * * Use wp_next_scheduled() to prevent duplicate events. * * Use wp_schedule_event() to schedule a recurring event. * * @since 2.1.0 * @since 5.1.0 Return value modified to boolean indicating success or failure, * {@see 'pre_schedule_event'} filter added to short-circuit the function. * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added. * * @link https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/functions/wp_schedule_single_event/ * * @param int $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to next run the event. * @param string $hook Action hook to execute when the event is run. * @param array $args Optional. Array containing arguments to pass to the * hook's callback function. Each value in the array * is passed to the callback as an individual parameter. * The array keys are ignored. Default empty array. * @param bool $wp_error Optional. Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. Default false. * @return bool|WP_Error True if event successfully scheduled. False or WP_Error on failure. */ function wp_schedule_single_event( $timestamp, $hook, $args = array(), $wp_error = false ) { // Make sure timestamp is a positive integer. if ( ! is_numeric( $timestamp ) || $timestamp <= 0 ) { if ( $wp_error ) { return new WP_Error( 'invalid_timestamp', __( 'Event timestamp must be a valid Unix timestamp.' ) ); } return false; } $event = (object) array( 'hook' => $hook, 'timestamp' => $timestamp, 'schedule' => false, 'args' => $args, ); /** * Filter to override scheduling an event. * * Returning a non-null value will short-circuit adding the event to the * cron array, causing the function to return the filtered value instead. * * Both single events and recurring events are passed through this filter; * single events have `$event->schedule` as false, whereas recurring events * have this set to a recurrence from wp_get_schedules(). Recurring * events also have the integer recurrence interval set as `$event->interval`. * * For plugins replacing wp-cron, it is recommended you check for an * identical event within ten minutes and apply the {@see 'schedule_event'} * filter to check if another plugin has disallowed the event before scheduling. * * Return true if the event was scheduled, false or a WP_Error if not. * * @since 5.1.0 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added, and a `WP_Error` object can now be returned. * * @param null|bool|WP_Error $result The value to return instead. Default null to continue adding the event. * @param object $event { * An object containing an event's data. * * @type string $hook Action hook to execute when the event is run. * @type int $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to next run the event. * @type string|false $schedule How often the event should subsequently recur. * @type array $args Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function. * @type int $interval Optional. The interval time in seconds for the schedule. Only present for recurring events. * } * @param bool $wp_error Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. */ $pre = apply_filters( 'pre_schedule_event', null, $event, $wp_error ); if ( null !== $pre ) { if ( $wp_error && false === $pre ) { return new WP_Error( 'pre_schedule_event_false', __( 'A plugin prevented the event from being scheduled.' ) ); } if ( ! $wp_error && is_wp_error( $pre ) ) { return false; } return $pre; } /* * Check for a duplicated event. * * Don't schedule an event if there's already an identical event * within 10 minutes. * * When scheduling events within ten minutes of the current time, * all past identical events are considered duplicates. * * When scheduling an event with a past timestamp (ie, before the * current time) all events scheduled within the next ten minutes * are considered duplicates. */ $crons = _get_cron_array(); $key = md5( serialize( $event->args ) ); $duplicate = false; if ( $event->timestamp < time() + 10 * MINUTE_IN_SECONDS ) { $min_timestamp = 0; } else { $min_timestamp = $event->timestamp - 10 * MINUTE_IN_SECONDS; } if ( $event->timestamp < time() ) { $max_timestamp = time() + 10 * MINUTE_IN_SECONDS; } else { $max_timestamp = $event->timestamp + 10 * MINUTE_IN_SECONDS; } foreach ( $crons as $event_timestamp => $cron ) { if ( $event_timestamp < $min_timestamp ) { continue; } if ( $event_timestamp > $max_timestamp ) { break; } if ( isset( $cron[ $event->hook ][ $key ] ) ) { $duplicate = true; break; } } if ( $duplicate ) { if ( $wp_error ) { return new WP_Error( 'duplicate_event', __( 'A duplicate event already exists.' ) ); } return false; } /** * Modify an event before it is scheduled. * * @since 3.1.0 * * @param object|false $event { * An object containing an event's data, or boolean false to prevent the event from being scheduled. * * @type string $hook Action hook to execute when the event is run. * @type int $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to next run the event. * @type string|false $schedule How often the event should subsequently recur. * @type array $args Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function. * @type int $interval Optional. The interval time in seconds for the schedule. Only present for recurring events. * } */ $event = apply_filters( 'schedule_event', $event ); // A plugin disallowed this event. if ( ! $event ) { if ( $wp_error ) { return new WP_Error( 'schedule_event_false', __( 'A plugin disallowed this event.' ) ); } return false; } $crons[ $event->timestamp ][ $event->hook ][ $key ] = array( 'schedule' => $event->schedule, 'args' => $event->args, ); uksort( $crons, 'strnatcasecmp' ); return _set_cron_array( $crons, $wp_error ); } /** * Schedules a recurring event. * * Schedules a hook which will be triggered by WordPress at the specified interval. * The action will trigger when someone visits your WordPress site if the scheduled * time has passed. * * Valid values for the recurrence are 'hourly', 'twicedaily', 'daily', and 'weekly'. * These can be extended using the {@see 'cron_schedules'} filter in wp_get_schedules(). * * Use wp_next_scheduled() to prevent duplicate events. * * Use wp_schedule_single_event() to schedule a non-recurring event. * * @since 2.1.0 * @since 5.1.0 Return value modified to boolean indicating success or failure, * {@see 'pre_schedule_event'} filter added to short-circuit the function. * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added. * * @link https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/functions/wp_schedule_event/ * * @param int $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to next run the event. * @param string $recurrence How often the event should subsequently recur. * See wp_get_schedules() for accepted values. * @param string $hook Action hook to execute when the event is run. * @param array $args Optional. Array containing arguments to pass to the * hook's callback function. Each value in the array * is passed to the callback as an individual parameter. * The array keys are ignored. Default empty array. * @param bool $wp_error Optional. Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. Default false. * @return bool|WP_Error True if event successfully scheduled. False or WP_Error on failure. */ function wp_schedule_event( $timestamp, $recurrence, $hook, $args = array(), $wp_error = false ) { // Make sure timestamp is a positive integer. if ( ! is_numeric( $timestamp ) || $timestamp <= 0 ) { if ( $wp_error ) { return new WP_Error( 'invalid_timestamp', __( 'Event timestamp must be a valid Unix timestamp.' ) ); } return false; } $schedules = wp_get_schedules(); if ( ! isset( $schedules[ $recurrence ] ) ) { if ( $wp_error ) { return new WP_Error( 'invalid_schedule', __( 'Event schedule does not exist.' ) ); } return false; } $event = (object) array( 'hook' => $hook, 'timestamp' => $timestamp, 'schedule' => $recurrence, 'args' => $args, 'interval' => $schedules[ $recurrence ]['interval'], ); /** This filter is documented in wp-includes/cron.php */ $pre = apply_filters( 'pre_schedule_event', null, $event, $wp_error ); if ( null !== $pre ) { if ( $wp_error && false === $pre ) { return new WP_Error( 'pre_schedule_event_false', __( 'A plugin prevented the event from being scheduled.' ) ); } if ( ! $wp_error && is_wp_error( $pre ) ) { return false; } return $pre; } /** This filter is documented in wp-includes/cron.php */ $event = apply_filters( 'schedule_event', $event ); // A plugin disallowed this event. if ( ! $event ) { if ( $wp_error ) { return new WP_Error( 'schedule_event_false', __( 'A plugin disallowed this event.' ) ); } return false; } $key = md5( serialize( $event->args ) ); $crons = _get_cron_array(); $crons[ $event->timestamp ][ $event->hook ][ $key ] = array( 'schedule' => $event->schedule, 'args' => $event->args, 'interval' => $event->interval, ); uksort( $crons, 'strnatcasecmp' ); return _set_cron_array( $crons, $wp_error ); } /** * Reschedules a recurring event. * * Mainly for internal use, this takes the Unix timestamp (UTC) of a previously run * recurring event and reschedules it for its next run. * * To change upcoming scheduled events, use wp_schedule_event() to * change the recurrence frequency. * * @since 2.1.0 * @since 5.1.0 Return value modified to boolean indicating success or failure, * {@see 'pre_reschedule_event'} filter added to short-circuit the function. * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added. * * @param int $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) for when the event was scheduled. * @param string $recurrence How often the event should subsequently recur. * See wp_get_schedules() for accepted values. * @param string $hook Action hook to execute when the event is run. * @param array $args Optional. Array containing arguments to pass to the * hook's callback function. Each value in the array * is passed to the callback as an individual parameter. * The array keys are ignored. Default empty array. * @param bool $wp_error Optional. Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. Default false. * @return bool|WP_Error True if event successfully rescheduled. False or WP_Error on failure. */ function wp_reschedule_event( $timestamp, $recurrence, $hook, $args = array(), $wp_error = false ) { // Make sure timestamp is a positive integer. if ( ! is_numeric( $timestamp ) || $timestamp <= 0 ) { if ( $wp_error ) { return new WP_Error( 'invalid_timestamp', __( 'Event timestamp must be a valid Unix timestamp.' ) ); } return false; } $schedules = wp_get_schedules(); $interval = 0; // First we try to get the interval from the schedule. if ( isset( $schedules[ $recurrence ] ) ) { $interval = $schedules[ $recurrence ]['interval']; } // Now we try to get it from the saved interval in case the schedule disappears. if ( 0 === $interval ) { $scheduled_event = wp_get_scheduled_event( $hook, $args, $timestamp ); if ( $scheduled_event && isset( $scheduled_event->interval ) ) { $interval = $scheduled_event->interval; } } $event = (object) array( 'hook' => $hook, 'timestamp' => $timestamp, 'schedule' => $recurrence, 'args' => $args, 'interval' => $interval, ); /** * Filter to override rescheduling of a recurring event. * * Returning a non-null value will short-circuit the normal rescheduling * process, causing the function to return the filtered value instead. * * For plugins replacing wp-cron, return true if the event was successfully * rescheduled, false or a WP_Error if not. * * @since 5.1.0 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added, and a `WP_Error` object can now be returned. * * @param null|bool|WP_Error $pre Value to return instead. Default null to continue adding the event. * @param object $event { * An object containing an event's data. * * @type string $hook Action hook to execute when the event is run. * @type int $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to next run the event. * @type string $schedule How often the event should subsequently recur. * @type array $args Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function. * @type int $interval The interval time in seconds for the schedule. * } * @param bool $wp_error Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. */ $pre = apply_filters( 'pre_reschedule_event', null, $event, $wp_error ); if ( null !== $pre ) { if ( $wp_error && false === $pre ) { return new WP_Error( 'pre_reschedule_event_false', __( 'A plugin prevented the event from being rescheduled.' ) ); } if ( ! $wp_error && is_wp_error( $pre ) ) { return false; } return $pre; } // Now we assume something is wrong and fail to schedule. if ( 0 === $interval ) { if ( $wp_error ) { return new WP_Error( 'invalid_schedule', __( 'Event schedule does not exist.' ) ); } return false; } $now = time(); if ( $timestamp >= $now ) { $timestamp = $now + $interval; } else { $timestamp = $now + ( $interval - ( ( $now - $timestamp ) % $interval ) ); } return wp_schedule_event( $timestamp, $recurrence, $hook, $args, $wp_error ); } /** * Unschedules a previously scheduled event. * * The `$timestamp` and `$hook` parameters are required so that the event can be * identified. * * @since 2.1.0 * @since 5.1.0 Return value modified to boolean indicating success or failure, * {@see 'pre_unschedule_event'} filter added to short-circuit the function. * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added. * * @param int $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) of the event. * @param string $hook Action hook of the event. * @param array $args Optional. Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function. * Although not passed to a callback, these arguments are used to uniquely identify the * event, so they should be the same as those used when originally scheduling the event. * Default empty array. * @param bool $wp_error Optional. Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. Default false. * @return bool|WP_Error True if event successfully unscheduled. False or WP_Error on failure. */ function wp_unschedule_event( $timestamp, $hook, $args = array(), $wp_error = false ) { // Make sure timestamp is a positive integer. if ( ! is_numeric( $timestamp ) || $timestamp <= 0 ) { if ( $wp_error ) { return new WP_Error( 'invalid_timestamp', __( 'Event timestamp must be a valid Unix timestamp.' ) ); } return false; } /** * Filter to override unscheduling of events. * * Returning a non-null value will short-circuit the normal unscheduling * process, causing the function to return the filtered value instead. * * For plugins replacing wp-cron, return true if the event was successfully * unscheduled, false or a WP_Error if not. * * @since 5.1.0 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added, and a `WP_Error` object can now be returned. * * @param null|bool|WP_Error $pre Value to return instead. Default null to continue unscheduling the event. * @param int $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to run the event. * @param string $hook Action hook, the execution of which will be unscheduled. * @param array $args Arguments to pass to the hook's callback function. * @param bool $wp_error Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. */ $pre = apply_filters( 'pre_unschedule_event', null, $timestamp, $hook, $args, $wp_error ); if ( null !== $pre ) { if ( $wp_error && false === $pre ) { return new WP_Error( 'pre_unschedule_event_false', __( 'A plugin prevented the event from being unscheduled.' ) ); } if ( ! $wp_error && is_wp_error( $pre ) ) { return false; } return $pre; } $crons = _get_cron_array(); $key = md5( serialize( $args ) ); unset( $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ][ $key ] ); if ( empty( $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ] ) ) { unset( $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ] ); } if ( empty( $crons[ $timestamp ] ) ) { unset( $crons[ $timestamp ] ); } return _set_cron_array( $crons, $wp_error ); } /** * Unschedules all events attached to the hook with the specified arguments. * * Warning: This function may return boolean false, but may also return a non-boolean * value which evaluates to false. For information about casting to booleans see the * {@link https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.boolean.php PHP documentation}. Use * the `===` operator for testing the return value of this function. * * @since 2.1.0 * @since 5.1.0 Return value modified to indicate success or failure, * {@see 'pre_clear_scheduled_hook'} filter added to short-circuit the function. * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added. * * @param string $hook Action hook, the execution of which will be unscheduled. * @param array $args Optional. Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function. * Although not passed to a callback, these arguments are used to uniquely identify the * event, so they should be the same as those used when originally scheduling the event. * Default empty array. * @param bool $wp_error Optional. Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. Default false. * @return int|false|WP_Error On success an integer indicating number of events unscheduled (0 indicates no * events were registered with the hook and arguments combination), false or WP_Error * if unscheduling one or more events fail. */ function wp_clear_scheduled_hook( $hook, $args = array(), $wp_error = false ) { /* * Backward compatibility. * Previously, this function took the arguments as discrete vars rather than an array like the rest of the API. */ if ( ! is_array( $args ) ) { _deprecated_argument( __FUNCTION__, '3.0.0', __( 'This argument has changed to an array to match the behavior of the other cron functions.' ) ); $args = array_slice( func_get_args(), 1 ); // phpcs:ignore PHPCompatibility.FunctionUse.ArgumentFunctionsReportCurrentValue.NeedsInspection $wp_error = false; } /** * Filter to override clearing a scheduled hook. * * Returning a non-null value will short-circuit the normal unscheduling * process, causing the function to return the filtered value instead. * * For plugins replacing wp-cron, return the number of events successfully * unscheduled (zero if no events were registered with the hook) or false * or a WP_Error if unscheduling one or more events fails. * * @since 5.1.0 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added, and a `WP_Error` object can now be returned. * * @param null|int|false|WP_Error $pre Value to return instead. Default null to continue unscheduling the event. * @param string $hook Action hook, the execution of which will be unscheduled. * @param array $args Arguments to pass to the hook's callback function. * @param bool $wp_error Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. */ $pre = apply_filters( 'pre_clear_scheduled_hook', null, $hook, $args, $wp_error ); if ( null !== $pre ) { if ( $wp_error && false === $pre ) { return new WP_Error( 'pre_clear_scheduled_hook_false', __( 'A plugin prevented the hook from being cleared.' ) ); } if ( ! $wp_error && is_wp_error( $pre ) ) { return false; } return $pre; } /* * This logic duplicates wp_next_scheduled(). * It's required due to a scenario where wp_unschedule_event() fails due to update_option() failing, * and, wp_next_scheduled() returns the same schedule in an infinite loop. */ $crons = _get_cron_array(); if ( empty( $crons ) ) { return 0; } $results = array(); $key = md5( serialize( $args ) ); foreach ( $crons as $timestamp => $cron ) { if ( isset( $cron[ $hook ][ $key ] ) ) { $results[] = wp_unschedule_event( $timestamp, $hook, $args, true ); } } $errors = array_filter( $results, 'is_wp_error' ); $error = new WP_Error(); if ( $errors ) { if ( $wp_error ) { array_walk( $errors, array( $error, 'merge_from' ) ); return $error; } return false; } return count( $results ); } /** * Unschedules all events attached to the hook. * * Can be useful for plugins when deactivating to clean up the cron queue. * * Warning: This function may return boolean false, but may also return a non-boolean * value which evaluates to false. For information about casting to booleans see the * {@link https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.boolean.php PHP documentation}. Use * the `===` operator for testing the return value of this function. * * @since 4.9.0 * @since 5.1.0 Return value added to indicate success or failure. * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added. * * @param string $hook Action hook, the execution of which will be unscheduled. * @param bool $wp_error Optional. Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. Default false. * @return int|false|WP_Error On success an integer indicating number of events unscheduled (0 indicates no * events were registered on the hook), false or WP_Error if unscheduling fails. */ function wp_unschedule_hook( $hook, $wp_error = false ) { /** * Filter to override clearing all events attached to the hook. * * Returning a non-null value will short-circuit the normal unscheduling * process, causing the function to return the filtered value instead. * * For plugins replacing wp-cron, return the number of events successfully * unscheduled (zero if no events were registered with the hook). If unscheduling * one or more events fails then return either a WP_Error object or false depending * on the value of the `$wp_error` parameter. * * @since 5.1.0 * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added, and a `WP_Error` object can now be returned. * * @param null|int|false|WP_Error $pre Value to return instead. Default null to continue unscheduling the hook. * @param string $hook Action hook, the execution of which will be unscheduled. * @param bool $wp_error Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. */ $pre = apply_filters( 'pre_unschedule_hook', null, $hook, $wp_error ); if ( null !== $pre ) { if ( $wp_error && false === $pre ) { return new WP_Error( 'pre_unschedule_hook_false', __( 'A plugin prevented the hook from being cleared.' ) ); } if ( ! $wp_error && is_wp_error( $pre ) ) { return false; } return $pre; } $crons = _get_cron_array(); if ( empty( $crons ) ) { return 0; } $results = array(); foreach ( $crons as $timestamp => $args ) { if ( ! empty( $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ] ) ) { $results[] = count( $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ] ); } unset( $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ] ); if ( empty( $crons[ $timestamp ] ) ) { unset( $crons[ $timestamp ] ); } } /* * If the results are empty (zero events to unschedule), no attempt * to update the cron array is required. */ if ( empty( $results ) ) { return 0; } $set = _set_cron_array( $crons, $wp_error ); if ( true === $set ) { return array_sum( $results ); } return $set; } /** * Retrieves a scheduled event. * * Retrieves the full event object for a given event, if no timestamp is specified the next * scheduled event is returned. * * @since 5.1.0 * * @param string $hook Action hook of the event. * @param array $args Optional. Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function. * Although not passed to a callback, these arguments are used to uniquely identify the * event, so they should be the same as those used when originally scheduling the event. * Default empty array. * @param int|null $timestamp Optional. Unix timestamp (UTC) of the event. If not specified, the next scheduled event * is returned. Default null. * @return object|false { * The event object. False if the event does not exist. * * @type string $hook Action hook to execute when the event is run. * @type int $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to next run the event. * @type string|false $schedule How often the event should subsequently recur. * @type array $args Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function. * @type int $interval Optional. The interval time in seconds for the schedule. Only present for recurring events. * } */ function wp_get_scheduled_event( $hook, $args = array(), $timestamp = null ) { /** * Filter to override retrieving a scheduled event. * * Returning a non-null value will short-circuit the normal process, * returning the filtered value instead. * * Return false if the event does not exist, otherwise an event object * should be returned. * * @since 5.1.0 * * @param null|false|object $pre Value to return instead. Default null to continue retrieving the event. * @param string $hook Action hook of the event. * @param array $args Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function. * Although not passed to a callback, these arguments are used to uniquely identify * the event. * @param int|null $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) of the event. Null to retrieve next scheduled event. */ $pre = apply_filters( 'pre_get_scheduled_event', null, $hook, $args, $timestamp ); if ( null !== $pre ) { return $pre; } if ( null !== $timestamp && ! is_numeric( $timestamp ) ) { return false; } $crons = _get_cron_array(); if ( empty( $crons ) ) { return false; } $key = md5( serialize( $args ) ); if ( ! $timestamp ) { // Get next event. $next = false; foreach ( $crons as $timestamp => $cron ) { if ( isset( $cron[ $hook ][ $key ] ) ) { $next = $timestamp; break; } } if ( ! $next ) { return false; } $timestamp = $next; } elseif ( ! isset( $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ][ $key ] ) ) { return false; } $event = (object) array( 'hook' => $hook, 'timestamp' => $timestamp, 'schedule' => $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ][ $key ]['schedule'], 'args' => $args, ); if ( isset( $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ][ $key ]['interval'] ) ) { $event->interval = $crons[ $timestamp ][ $hook ][ $key ]['interval']; } return $event; } /** * Retrieves the timestamp of the next scheduled event for the given hook. * * @since 2.1.0 * * @param string $hook Action hook of the event. * @param array $args Optional. Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook's callback function. * Although not passed to a callback, these arguments are used to uniquely identify the * event, so they should be the same as those used when originally scheduling the event. * Default empty array. * @return int|false The Unix timestamp (UTC) of the next time the event will occur. False if the event doesn't exist. */ function wp_next_scheduled( $hook, $args = array() ) { $next_event = wp_get_scheduled_event( $hook, $args ); if ( ! $next_event ) { return false; } /** * Filters the timestamp of the next scheduled event for the given hook. * * @since 6.8.0 * * @param int $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to next run the event. * @param object $next_event { * An object containing an event's data. * * @type string $hook Action hook of the event. * @type int $timestamp Unix timestamp (UTC) for when to next run the event. * @type string $schedule How often the event should subsequently recur. * @type array $args Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook * callback function. * @type int $interval Optional. The interval time in seconds for the schedule. Only * present for recurring events. * } * @param array $args Array containing each separate argument to pass to the hook * callback function. */ return apply_filters( 'wp_next_scheduled', $next_event->timestamp, $next_event, $hook, $args ); } /** * Sends a request to run cron through HTTP request that doesn't halt page loading. * * @since 2.1.0 * @since 5.1.0 Return values added. * * @param int $gmt_time Optional. Unix timestamp (UTC). Default 0 (current time is used). * @return bool True if spawned, false if no events spawned. */ function spawn_cron( $gmt_time = 0 ) { if ( ! $gmt_time ) { $gmt_time = microtime( true ); } if ( defined( 'DOING_CRON' ) || isset( $_GET['doing_wp_cron'] ) ) { return false; } /* * Get the cron lock, which is a Unix timestamp of when the last cron was spawned * and has not finished running. * * Multiple processes on multiple web servers can run this code concurrently, * this lock attempts to make spawning as atomic as possible. */ $lock = (float) get_transient( 'doing_cron' ); if ( $lock > $gmt_time + 10 * MINUTE_IN_SECONDS ) { $lock = 0; } // Don't run if another process is currently running it or more than once every 60 sec. if ( $lock + WP_CRON_LOCK_TIMEOUT > $gmt_time ) { return false; } // Confidence check. $crons = wp_get_ready_cron_jobs(); if ( empty( $crons ) ) { return false; } $keys = array_keys( $crons ); if ( isset( $keys[0] ) && $keys[0] > $gmt_time ) { return false; } if ( defined( 'ALTERNATE_WP_CRON' ) && ALTERNATE_WP_CRON ) { if ( 'GET' !== $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] || defined( 'DOING_AJAX' ) || defined( 'XMLRPC_REQUEST' ) ) { return false; } $doing_wp_cron = sprintf( '%.22F', $gmt_time ); set_transient( 'doing_cron', $doing_wp_cron ); ob_start(); wp_redirect( add_query_arg( 'doing_wp_cron', $doing_wp_cron, wp_unslash( $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] ) ) ); echo ' '; // Flush any buffers and send the headers. wp_ob_end_flush_all(); flush(); require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-cron.php'; return true; } // Set the cron lock with the current unix timestamp, when the cron is being spawned. $doing_wp_cron = sprintf( '%.22F', $gmt_time ); set_transient( 'doing_cron', $doing_wp_cron ); /** * Filters the cron request arguments. * * @since 3.5.0 * @since 4.5.0 The `$doing_wp_cron` parameter was added. * * @param array $cron_request_array { * An array of cron request URL arguments. * * @type string $url The cron request URL. * @type string $key The Unix timestamp (UTC) of the cron lock with microseconds. * @type array $args { * An array of cron request arguments. * * @type int $timeout The request timeout in seconds. Default .01 seconds. * @type bool $blocking Whether to set blocking for the request. Default false. * @type bool $sslverify Whether SSL should be verified for the request. Default false. * } * } * @param string $doing_wp_cron The Unix timestamp (UTC) of the cron lock with microseconds. */ $cron_request = apply_filters( 'cron_request', array( 'url' => add_query_arg( 'doing_wp_cron', $doing_wp_cron, site_url( 'wp-cron.php' ) ), 'key' => $doing_wp_cron, 'args' => array( 'timeout' => 0.01, 'blocking' => false, /** This filter is documented in wp-includes/class-wp-http-streams.php */ 'sslverify' => apply_filters( 'https_local_ssl_verify', false ), ), ), $doing_wp_cron ); $result = wp_remote_post( $cron_request['url'], $cron_request['args'] ); return ! is_wp_error( $result ); } /** * Registers _wp_cron() to run on the {@see 'shutdown'} action. * * The spawn_cron() function attempts to make a non-blocking loopback request to `wp-cron.php` (when alternative * cron is not being used). However, the wp_remote_post() function does not always respect the `timeout` and * `blocking` parameters. A timeout of `0.01` may end up taking 1 second. When this runs at the {@see 'wp_loaded'} * action, it increases the Time To First Byte (TTFB) since the HTML cannot be sent while waiting for the cron request * to initiate. Moving the spawning of cron to the {@see 'shutdown'} hook allows for the server to flush the HTML document to * the browser while waiting for the request. * * @since 2.1.0 * @since 5.1.0 Return value added to indicate success or failure. * @since 5.7.0 Functionality moved to _wp_cron() to which this becomes a wrapper. * @since 6.9.0 The _wp_cron() callback is moved from {@see 'wp_loaded'} to the {@see 'shutdown'} action, * unless `ALTERNATE_WP_CRON` is enabled; the function now always returns void. */ function wp_cron(): void { if ( defined( 'ALTERNATE_WP_CRON' ) && ALTERNATE_WP_CRON ) { if ( did_action( 'wp_loaded' ) ) { _wp_cron(); } else { add_action( 'wp_loaded', '_wp_cron', 20 ); } } elseif ( doing_action( 'shutdown' ) ) { _wp_cron(); } else { add_action( 'shutdown', '_wp_cron' ); } } /** * Runs scheduled callbacks or spawns cron for all scheduled events. * * Warning: This function may return Boolean FALSE, but may also return a non-Boolean * value which evaluates to FALSE. For information about casting to booleans see the * {@link https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.boolean.php PHP documentation}. Use * the `===` operator for testing the return value of this function. * * @since 5.7.0 * @access private * * @return int|false On success an integer indicating number of events spawned (0 indicates no * events needed to be spawned), false if spawning fails for one or more events. */ function _wp_cron() { // Prevent infinite loops caused by lack of wp-cron.php. if ( str_contains( $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], '/wp-cron.php' ) || ( defined( 'DISABLE_WP_CRON' ) && DISABLE_WP_CRON ) ) { return 0; } $crons = wp_get_ready_cron_jobs(); if ( empty( $crons ) ) { return 0; } $gmt_time = microtime( true ); $keys = array_keys( $crons ); if ( isset( $keys[0] ) && $keys[0] > $gmt_time ) { return 0; } $schedules = wp_get_schedules(); $results = array(); foreach ( $crons as $timestamp => $cronhooks ) { if ( $timestamp > $gmt_time ) { break; } foreach ( (array) $cronhooks as $hook => $args ) { if ( isset( $schedules[ $hook ]['callback'] ) && ! call_user_func( $schedules[ $hook ]['callback'] ) ) { continue; } $results[] = spawn_cron( $gmt_time ); break 2; } } if ( in_array( false, $results, true ) ) { return false; } return count( $results ); } /** * Retrieves supported event recurrence schedules. * * The default supported recurrences are 'hourly', 'twicedaily', 'daily', and 'weekly'. * A plugin may add more by hooking into the {@see 'cron_schedules'} filter. * The filter accepts an array of arrays. The outer array has a key that is the name * of the schedule, for example 'monthly'. The value is an array with two keys, * one is 'interval' and the other is 'display'. * * The 'interval' is a number in seconds of when the cron job should run. * So for 'hourly' the time is `HOUR_IN_SECONDS` (`60 * 60` or `3600`). For 'monthly', * the value would be `MONTH_IN_SECONDS` (`30 * 24 * 60 * 60` or `2592000`). * * The 'display' is the description. For the 'monthly' key, the 'display' * would be `__( 'Once Monthly' )`. * * For your plugin, you will be passed an array. You can add your * schedule by doing the following: * * // Filter parameter variable name is 'array'. * $array['monthly'] = array( * 'interval' => MONTH_IN_SECONDS, * 'display' => __( 'Once Monthly' ) * ); * * @since 2.1.0 * @since 5.4.0 The 'weekly' schedule was added. * * @return array { * The array of cron schedules keyed by the schedule name. * * @type array ...$0 { * Cron schedule information. * * @type int $interval The schedule interval in seconds. * @type string $display The schedule display name. * } * } */ function wp_get_schedules() { $schedules = array( 'hourly' => array( 'interval' => HOUR_IN_SECONDS, 'display' => __( 'Once Hourly' ), ), 'twicedaily' => array( 'interval' => 12 * HOUR_IN_SECONDS, 'display' => __( 'Twice Daily' ), ), 'daily' => array( 'interval' => DAY_IN_SECONDS, 'display' => __( 'Once Daily' ), ), 'weekly' => array( 'interval' => WEEK_IN_SECONDS, 'display' => __( 'Once Weekly' ), ), ); /** * Filters the non-default cron schedules. * * @since 2.1.0 * * @param array $new_schedules { * An array of non-default cron schedules keyed by the schedule name. Default empty array. * * @type array ...$0 { * Cron schedule information. * * @type int $interval The schedule interval in seconds. * @type string $display The schedule display name. * } * } */ return array_merge( apply_filters( 'cron_schedules', array() ), $schedules ); } /** * Retrieves the name of the recurrence schedule for an event. * * @see wp_get_schedules() for available schedules. * * @since 2.1.0 * @since 5.1.0 {@see 'get_schedule'} filter added. * * @param string $hook Action hook to identify the event. * @param array $args Optional. Arguments passed to the event's callback function. * Default empty array. * @return string|false Schedule name on success, false if no schedule. */ function wp_get_schedule( $hook, $args = array() ) { $schedule = false; $event = wp_get_scheduled_event( $hook, $args ); if ( $event ) { $schedule = $event->schedule; } /** * Filters the schedule name for a hook. * * @since 5.1.0 * * @param string|false $schedule Schedule for the hook. False if not found. * @param string $hook Action hook to execute when cron is run. * @param array $args Arguments to pass to the hook's callback function. */ return apply_filters( 'get_schedule', $schedule, $hook, $args ); } /** * Retrieves cron jobs ready to be run. * * Returns the results of _get_cron_array() limited to events ready to be run, * ie, with a timestamp in the past. * * @since 5.1.0 * * @return array[] Array of cron job arrays ready to be run. */ function wp_get_ready_cron_jobs() { /** * Filter to override retrieving ready cron jobs. * * Returning an array will short-circuit the normal retrieval of ready * cron jobs, causing the function to return the filtered value instead. * * @since 5.1.0 * * @param null|array[] $pre Array of ready cron tasks to return instead. Default null * to continue using results from _get_cron_array(). */ $pre = apply_filters( 'pre_get_ready_cron_jobs', null ); if ( null !== $pre ) { return $pre; } $crons = _get_cron_array(); $gmt_time = microtime( true ); $results = array(); foreach ( $crons as $timestamp => $cronhooks ) { if ( $timestamp > $gmt_time ) { break; } $results[ $timestamp ] = $cronhooks; } return $results; } // // Private functions. // /** * Retrieves cron info array option. * * @since 2.1.0 * @since 6.1.0 Return type modified to consistently return an array. * @access private * * @return array[] Array of cron events. */ function _get_cron_array() { $cron = get_option( 'cron' ); if ( ! is_array( $cron ) ) { return array(); } if ( ! isset( $cron['version'] ) ) { $cron = _upgrade_cron_array( $cron ); } unset( $cron['version'] ); return $cron; } /** * Updates the cron option with the new cron array. * * @since 2.1.0 * @since 5.1.0 Return value modified to outcome of update_option(). * @since 5.7.0 The `$wp_error` parameter was added. * * @access private * * @param array[] $cron Array of cron info arrays from _get_cron_array(). * @param bool $wp_error Optional. Whether to return a WP_Error on failure. Default false. * @return bool|WP_Error True if cron array updated. False or WP_Error on failure. */ function _set_cron_array( $cron, $wp_error = false ) { if ( ! is_array( $cron ) ) { $cron = array(); } $cron['version'] = 2; $result = update_option( 'cron', $cron, true ); if ( $wp_error && ! $result ) { return new WP_Error( 'could_not_set', __( 'The cron event list could not be saved.' ) ); } return $result; } /** * Upgrades a cron info array. * * This function upgrades the cron info array to version 2. * * @since 2.1.0 * @access private * * @param array $cron Cron info array from _get_cron_array(). * @return array An upgraded cron info array. */ function _upgrade_cron_array( $cron ) { if ( isset( $cron['version'] ) && 2 === $cron['version'] ) { return $cron; } $new_cron = array(); foreach ( (array) $cron as $timestamp => $hooks ) { foreach ( (array) $hooks as $hook => $args ) { $key = md5( serialize( $args['args'] ) ); $new_cron[ $timestamp ][ $hook ][ $key ] = $args; } } $new_cron['version'] = 2; update_option( 'cron', $new_cron, true ); return $new_cron; }